Pengatur Kecepatan Motor Menggunakan PWM

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So-called PWM or Pulse Modulation Witdh is a technique often used to control a load, for example, is the DC motor speed control, PWM techniques are often used.

Usually to make a simple PWM (for practice or introduction PWM) of the hobbyist to use some of the circuit made of Op-Amp, which consists of Schmitt Trigger circuit, integrator and comparator.

Diagram of PWM Controller

Schmitt Trigger function that produces a square wave will be converted by the integrator sawtooth wave or commonly also called Ramp, and Ramp compared with a reference voltage that can be changed much voltage. So the result is a PWM output.

Skema Rangkaian Low Side PWM Motor/Light Controller

Skema Rangkaian High Side PWM Motor/Light Controller

These two schematics are variations on another PWM circuit. The diagrams are for 12V operation only and there are high side (common ground) and low side (common +12V) versions. The low side version of the circuit uses an N Channel FET, the high side version of the circuit uses a P Channel FET. N Channel devices tend to handle more current than P Channel devices, they are also less expensive. The high side version of the circuit is useful when one side of the load has to be grounded.

This circuit can switch a fairly high amount of current, an IRFZ34N MOSFET can handle over 35 Amps if connected to a proper heat sink. Higher power FETs, such as the IRFZ48N or IRF1010Z can be substituted if even larger currents are required. It is also possible to connect multiple FETs in parallel for even more current capacity. Always use thermally conductive grease between the FET and the heat sink, and remember that the heat sink is electrically live.

Inductive loads (motors) may require special care since they can generate large voltage spikes that can damage the MOSFET. Replacing the 1N4002 with a fast recovery diode may help absorb the reverse voltage kick when driving an inductive load such as a motor. If you use these circuits for experiments with electric vehicles, be sure to install a circuit breaker in series with the battery, the circuit breaker should be easy to reach by the driver. This is especially important due to the fact that when MOSFETs fail, they often short out, leaving the motor on at full speed.

Rangkaian Control Motor Stepper

type='html'>Rangkaian Control Motor Stepper

The circuit is very simple and inexpensive. This is good thing because most commercial stepper motor controller ICs are quite expensive. This circuit is built from standard components and can easily be adapted to be controlled by a computer. If you use cheap surplus transistors and stepper motor, the price of the circuit can be kept to under $10.

Skema Rangkaian Control Motor Stepper

Note:
You should be able to substitute any standard (2N3055, etc.) power transistor for Q1-Q4.
Every time the STEP line is pulsed, the motor moves one step.
S1 changes the motors direction.

List Componet
R1, R2 ,R3, R4_____ 1K 1/4W Resistor
D1, D2, D3, D4_____ 1N4002 Silicon Diode
Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4_____TIP31 NPN Transistor (See Notes) TIP41, 2N3055
U1_____________4070 CMOS XOR Integrated Circuit
U2_____________ 4027 CMOS Flip-Flop
S1_____________ SPDT Switch
MISC 1 Case, Board, Wire, Stepper Motor


Pin & feature IC 4070 CMOS XOR I

Wide supply voltage range: 3.0V to 15V
High noise immunity: 0.45 VDD (typ.)
Low power TTL compatibility: Fan out of 2 driving 74L or 1 driving 74LS
Low power: 50 nW (typ.)
Medium speed operation: 12 MHz (typ.) with 10V supply



Pin & feature 4070 CMOS XOR

Wide supply voltage range 3.0V to 15V
High noise immunity 0.45 VDD typ.
Low power TTL Fan out of 2 driving 74L compatibility or 1 driving 74LS

Rangkaian Kontrol Motor DC Sederhana

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Kontrol Motor DC Sederhana

The following is a circuit that can be used to control the dc motor rotation direction. S1 and S2 are normally open, push to close, press button switches. The diodes can be red or green and are there only to indicate direction. You may need to alter the TIP31 transistors depending on the motor being used. Remember, running under load Draws more current.

Skema Rangkaian Kontrol Motor DC Sederhana

This circuit was built to operate a small motor used for opening and closing a pair of curtains. As an advantage over automatic closing and opening systems, you have control of how much, or how little light to let into a room. The four diodes surriunding the motor, are back EMF diodes. They are chosen to suit the motor. For a 12V motor drawing 1amp under load, I use 1N4001 diodes.

Absolute Maximum Ratings Transistor TIP31

VCBO Collector-Base Voltage :
TIP31 40V
TIP31A 60V
TIP31B 80V
TIP31C 100V

Collector-Emitter Voltage :
TIP31 40V
TIP31A 60V
TIP31B 80V
TIP31C 100V

Emitter-Base Voltage 5 V
Collector Current (DC) 3 A
Collector Current (Pulse) 5 A
Base Current 1 A
Collector Dissipation (TC=25 C) 40 W
Collector Dissipation (Ta=25 C) 2 W
Junction Temperature 150 C
Storage Temperature - 65 ~ 150 C

Rangkaian Lampu LED Untuk Motor (12 Volt Battery)

type='html'>Lampu LED Untuk Motor

Lamp type LED has several advantages compared with the usual light when the applied on a motorcycle. In addition to more efficient battery when compared with normal hologen lamps, LED also has several other advantages, such as light more evenly and provide a luxurious feel to the vehicle.

The following are examples of simple creations that you can apply to decorate your motorcycle using the LED.

Rangkaian Lampu LED Untuk Motor

For this circuit is recommended only as a replacement motorcycle brake lights or city lights with the electrical source from the battery. Indeed in the market has many available variations of LED lights that can be used as brake lights or disco lights, but maybe some people would be proud if his own creative, hopefully circuit schemes that we present above can assist you in creating.

The following examples of applications that we apply to motorcycles mio

Darlington Pair to Drive DC motor Circuit

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A normal variable resistor cannot directly control the speed of a motor since motors draw large amounts of current which would burn out the potentiometer. Instead, the small amount of current that the potentiometer can pass can be amplified into order to run the motor. This amplification can be achieved using Darlington Pair of transistors.

Darlington Pair to Drive DC motor Circuit

Pin-out BFY61 & TIP31C Transistor

The circuit above shows a linear potentiometer connected Between Vs and 0V Such That the voltage at its wiper terminal will of always be somewhere at or Between these two voltages. The small amount of current flowing out of the potentiometer's wiper is amplified by two transistors, connected together in a configuration known as a 'Darlington pair'. The current from the potentiometer is amplified by the first transistor, and then again by the second transistor, greatly Increasing the amount of current That cans be controlled by the potentiometer.

There are, however, a couple of disadvantages of this simple circuit. Firstly, about 0.7V is lost in EACH of the transistor, so the maximum voltage cans That ever be applied to the motor is Vs - 1.4V. Secondly, the transistors are not absolutely linear so the change in motor speed for a given rotation of the potentiometer will from some more subtle in the middle of its range. Because a motor is an inductive load, it will from Produce a 'back-emf' Could the which damage to the second transistor. The 1N4148 signal diode prevents this damage by shorting out the back-emf.

The power supply for this circuit should preferably be un-smoothed (i.e. directly from the power supply rectifier). This helps prevent the motor 'sticking' at low speeds. With the TIP31C transistor given, the maximum power supply voltage may be 60V and the maximum motor current consumption may be 3A.

Source: www.eleinmec.com

DC Motor Controller Circuit Using 741 Op-Amp

This DC motor controller circuit using a 741 operational amplifier operating as a voltage follower where its non inverting input is connected to the speed and rotation direction of a potentiometer VR1. When VR1 is at mid position, the op-amp output is near zero and both Q1 and Q2 is OFF.

When VR1 is turned towards the positive supply side, the output will go positive voltage and Q1 will supply the current to the motor and Q2 will be OFF. When VR1 is turned to the negative supply side, the op-amp output switches to the negative voltage and Q1 will turn OFF and Q2 ON which reverses the rotation of the motor's direction.

Skema Rangkaian DC Motor Controller Using 741 Op-Amp

741 Op-Amp Pinout

As the potentiometer VR1 is moved toward either end, the speed increases in whichever direction it is turning. The TIP3055 Q1 NPN power transistor has a collector current specs of 15A and VCE0 of 60V DC. The MJE34 Q2 PNP power transistor has a collector current specs of 10A and VCE0 of 40V DC.

Stepper Motor Controller using IC 4027

The stepper controller circuit is very interesting, since most lines the step motor controllers are very expensive. The circuit is made ​​of standard components and can easily be adjusted by a computer. If you cheap surplus transistors and stepper motors, the price of the circuit can be less than $ 15.

Stepper Motor Controller Circuit using IC 4027

This stepper controller circuit shown here can used to control the unipolar stepper motor, the which has four coils. The stepper controller circuit can drive for a motor current of up to about 500 MAMP / Winding by Suitable heat sinks for the SL-100 In higher currents seem 2N3055 power transistors can be used as darlington pair along with the SL-100. All diodes are used to protect the transistor from back current transients.

List Componet

R1, R2 ,R3, R4: 1K 1/4W Resistor
D1, D2, D3, D4: 1N4002 Silicon Diode
Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4: TIP31 NPN Transistor (See Notes) TIP41, 2N3055
U1 : 4070 CMOS XOR
U2 : 4027 CMOS JK Flip-Flop
S1 : SPDT Switch

Notes: 
1. You should be able to substitute any standard (2N3055, etc.) power transistor for Q1-Q4.
2. Every time the STEP line is pulsed, the motor moves one step.
3. S1 changes the motors direction.

4027 CMOS JK Flip-Flop IC  Pinout

4070 CMOS XOR IC Pinout